File picture: An illegal foreign currency trader poses counting notes at a local bus station in the capital Harare, Zimbabwe, November 18, 2016. REUTERS/Philimon Bulawayo
By Dr Imran Khalid
In the wake of the year-long conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the world has experienced significant changes in economic, geopolitical, and cultural spheres. However, the most profound effect of the conflict is its impetus towards multipolarity - the redistribution of global economic power among several advanced economies rather than being concentrated in a single hegemonic power – the United States.
This shift towards a more balanced global power dynamic has been accelerating and is likely to continue.
The culmination of World War II prompted the US dollar to dominate the financial world for over eighty years, but now another conflict in the backyard of Europe has applied a reverse gear to this phenomenon – de-dollarization.
When the Americans imposed a cascade of sanctions against Russia last year - including freezing nearly half of Russia’s foreign currency reserves, which amounts to $300 billion, and the exclusion of major Russian banks from SWIFT, an interbank messaging service used for international payments – they were expecting that the Russian economy to be squeezed to the point of surrender. However, the financial sanctions against Russia, billed as the "weaponization“ of the dollar, resulted in a different outcome – the rise of alternative financial infrastructures promoted by the US’s two most significant geopolitical competitors, China and Russia. In response to these measures, these nations have moved to develop their own financial systems, which could potentially diminish the US dollars’ global financial dominance.
The movement towards de-dollarisation is by no means confined to Russia and China alone. Rather, it is a global trend, with nations and regions from India to Argentina, Brazil to South Africa, and the Middle East to South-east Asia all redoubling their efforts to reduce their reliance on the dollar.
At the core of this drive towards financial independence lies a deep-seated fear among many countries: that the United States may one day use the full weight of its currency to target them with the same devastating sanctions that have been imposed on Russia. The recent surge in de- dollarisation initiatives can be traced back to this growing anxiety, as countries seek to protect their economic interests and safeguard against potential future threats.
From the collapse of the Bretton Woods system to the launch of the euro by the European Union in 1999, and from the aftermath of the 2008-2009 financial crisis to the present day, questions about the dollar’s weakening hold on the global economy have persisted.
Today, the world’s central banks fell below 59 percent of their foreign exchange reserves in dollars in the final quarter of last year - a decline from 70 percent in 2000 - depicting the simmering trend towards de-dollarization. During the same period, the euro has registered only a modest increase in its share of global reserves, rising from 18 percent to just under 20 percent today. In contrast, the Chinese renminbi (RMB/yuan), despite accounting for less than 3 percent of the world’s reserve currency holdings, has been showing very rapid growth since 2016.
The impact of US-led economic sanctions has been felt by a significant portion of the global population. For many, the consequences of these sanctions have been severe, limiting their ability to engage in essential economic and financial activities that are often priced in dollars. In response, there has been a growing movement towards de-dollarisation, as countries seek to reduce their exposure to the vagaries of US foreign policy and safeguard against the impact of sanctions.
The rapid appreciation of the dollar in recent years has had far-reaching implications for countries around the world. One significant impact has been on dollar-denominated debt, which has become considerably more expensive to repay as the currency has surged in value. The dollar’s value has fluctuated significantly in recent years, with the currency currently standing at over 10 percent higher than its value at the start of the Ukraine conflict in February 2022, and a whopping 30 percent higher than a decade ago.
In the quest for financial independence, many smaller economies have grown increasingly wary of their exposure to dollar-denominated debt. This, coupled with a push to strengthen regional trade ties, has spurred many countries to seek alternatives to the dollar.
The rise in the dollar’s value has also translated into a sharp increase in import bills for essential commodities such as fuel and food. This has been a particular concern for nations that rely heavily on imports from other countries, as the cost of these goods can quickly become prohibitive in the face of a strong dollar.
Egypt provides a compelling example of the challenges faced by countries burdened by dollar-denominated debt. In recent years, the country has been forced to take on ever-increasing levels of borrowing in order to stabilize its economy and prop up the value of its currency, the Egyptian pound. However, this strategy has come at a significant cost, with the country’s sovereign debt soaring by a factor of four over the past decade.
Much of this debt has been denominated in dollars, exposing Egyptians to the vagaries of the global economy and making it increasingly difficult to maintain their standard of living. Egypt is being pushed to the brink as it struggles to manage its soaring dollar-denominated debt and the skyrocketing cost of borrowing.
With the Egyptian pound at risk of losing its purchasing power and the threat of a sovereign debt crisis looming, the government is under pressure to explore alternative funding sources to avoid economic destabilization and political unrest.
The challenges faced by Egypt are emblematic of the broader challenges faced by many countries around the world, as they seek to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected economic landscape. Same is the case with Pakistan and many other countries who are being excessively burdened because their currencies are pegged with the US dollars.
As nations grapple with the impact of sanctions, shifting trade patterns, and volatile currency markets, the move towards de-dollarisation represents a critical response to these challenges, offering a way to safeguard against the uncertainties of the global economy and chart a course towards greater stability and prosperity.
Dr Imran Khalid is a freelance columnist on international affairs based in Karachi, Pakistan.